Analysing Elements Of Corruption In The Indian Economy Politics Essay

Analysing Elements Of putridness In The Indian Economy Politics Essay acquiesce the subcontinent in the nineteenth century, the crown jewel of the British conglomerate, a dry land rich with resources. Resources which, if properly utilized meant India could potenti entirelyy be a re whollyy berthful nation matchless day. Post partition and independence from the mid(prenominal)-fifties up to the ripe 1980s India remained inclined towarf ards the soviets and had a mixed thrift which meant that in that respect were considerable regulations and control in the economy. Empowering the bureaucrats take to subversion at e precise level of the establishment activity. This along with opposite featureors sowed the seeds for a problem that is tranquilize very prevalent whole oer India. Corruption in puzzle day India non sole(prenominal) exists except thrives at all(a) told levels of goernment and all the supporters, to such(prenominal) an extent that level off the milit ary and the judiciary is across-the-board of deprave officials. It is interesting to note that the bureaucracy of India under the British Empire was re this instantned to be largely untainted by subversive activity. Today the pic is hardly the same roughlyly owing to the electoral politics in India, the police and the judiciary collude with the politicians and engage in a very schemeatic form of misuseion that has been a disgrace to Indias democratic system.In the mid nineteen sixties is considered to be a period where a long divide emerged in the history of usual administration in India. Administrators shied a carriage from the methods of the great politicians like Gandhi and Nehru who safe principled politics. (Gill, 40-43) The key origin to this new direction in which Indias administration was headed towards, was amorality and it was since so widely practiced in politics. Ever since then emerged an entire generation of politicians who were corrupt to the b single and knotty in scandals at an enormous casing. This explains why the nineties were pierce with news of scandals and cons at the hands of persons in nitty-gritty. The accused were often former(prenominal) ministers, governors and in legitimate gaucheries even the prime minister. This goes to show that in Indias model no matter how m each rights, rules and regulations ar put in invest to prevent corruption, if the persons who ar entrusted with the regimenal administration of the agricultural misuse their chest of drawers and exploit the masses, thither is suddenly nothing that can be make to prevent them from doing so.Perhaps the largest factor responsible for the corruption in India is that the lead at the helm of the province not lone(prenominal) turns a artifice eye to it, tho in m whatever cases indulges in it as well. From this stems a trickle flock effect that supremely culminates in corruption being a bureaucratic and political norm in the society, a widely real means to achieving whiley eery day ends. Post independence political lead has stemmed from regional and linguistic movements, which means that such leader testament alship canal prefer the betterment of their race rather than the betterment of the Indian people as a whole, this selfish view got narrowed great deal until politics became a purely selfish pursuit. The rules of the game changed forever, as political survival and the pursuit for power, instead of the table service of the people seems to be the ultimate aim of politics.The A.D. Gorwala notify was one of the front attempts to racylight the problem of corruption that was so very prevalent in India. Gorwala claimed that the serve of express twist started from an individual level. Building characters of the leaders was the key to building a great nation, and according to Gorwala the immediate causes of the prevalent decadence that plagued the Indian society was innovation War two. Even though a lot of peo ple helped with the war effort, it was never directly Indias war and hence many a a hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal) parties arose who profited from the war itself, both legally and illegally. This quality, of people profiteering from violence and feel for manners to increase their riches at the grave disbursal and at multiplication lives of other people make them hardened criminals. These criminals took charge, ran for office and indulged in most of the worst scams of all beats, siphoning come out one thousand thousands of rupees to private Swiss accounts. Gorwala as well claimed that the national movement of independence failed to leave behind lasting spiritual supposition amongst the universe of discourse as a whole and died out giving way to the individualised political ambitions of individuals.The report focused mostly on the leaders of the country and how it should lead by workout and pointed out the endless scandals that stain their records. Enquiries into alle gations lay down been do by major(postnominal) all-India leaders of the principle political party. Often they pitch remained secret. Nor action was taken. It seems fairly clear that if the public is to sustain confidence that moral warnings do prevail in high places, arrangements moldiness be made that no one, however highly placed, is immune from interrogation if allegations once morest him ar made by responsible parties and if a prima facie case exists. There should be no hushing-up or appearance of hushing-up for personal or political reasons. (Public Administration Committee 6-8)Transparency international conducted a Corruption study in 2005 in col industryation with the Centre for Media Studies in Delhi. This was whitethornbe the largest corruption study undertaken, the span of which ranged over 20 states and covered a take of 14,405 people and it covered 151 cities and 306 villages. (India corruption study) A state heady analysis was performed, and it was concluded that Bihar was the most corrupt and Kerala stood to be the least corrupt, and among the government services the police was the most corrupt followed by the lower courts and the territory administration, making money a way out for people who may have committed flagitious crimes and an il legalise way to get legitimate services of the government basalally making these services unavailable for all those who cant afford the bribes. Basic amenities like health and electrical energy were heavy plagued by corruption, and where the courts and the police are the most corrupt, it is indeed passing play to be a complete mockery of the rule of law which get out no longer prevail. Without law, the very fabric that holds society together willing unravel into anarchy.There were many attempts and inquiries made into corruption in respective(a) departments and many people took the initiative and voiced their reservations in the form of reports unless without the support of senior politici ans it was all to no avail. The Railway Corruption inquiry Committee was one such early attempt. This commission was formed to check up on the corrupt practices that led to heavy losses for Indias extensive railway system. The direction was chaired by J.B. Kriplani, who called corruption the failure of the institution of citizenry that existed from the days of the Hellenic and Roman empires. (Railway Corruption Committee) It heavily criticized all forms of ticket evasion, grafting or theft. Above all it criticized the public servants for linguistic context a negatively charged typeface for the public. Senior bureaucrats and politicians used their posts to claim exemptions from paying tickets, setting a very negative trend. The report claimed that no one should be above the law and should do their part in contri besidesing positively to the general public assistance of the society as a whole. The report stated that laws and reforms can only go so far in the attempt to curb th ese mal practices, but what would really make a difference was if the complaisant servants led a movement to make the people aware of their civic duties and for them to nurture that image in the population, and this is only possible if they actively participate in grow out corruption themselves.The subprogram that politics plays in helping the hand out of corruption in India was looked at most thoroughly by the Shah deputation of Enquiry which looked into the spending during the period of emergency from 1975-77. The head of this commission, justice Shah showed absolutely no reservations in condemning Sanjay Gandhi, son of Indra Gandhi, for committing one of the most heinous acts of corruption in the history of independent India. He stated that The way in which Shri Sanjay Gandhi functioned in the public affairs of Delhi in particular is the champion greatest act of overmuch committed during the period of Emergency for which there is no parallel nor any justification for suc h assumption of authority or power in the history of independent India. While the other acts and excesses may have been in the nature of acts committed by functionaries have some shadow of authority acting in excess of their powers. hither was a case of individual wielding unlimited powers in a unequivocal capacity without even the slightest right to it. If this country is to be rendered safe for rising generations the people owe it to themselves to tick that an irresponsible and unconstitutional centre of power like the one which revolved or so Shri Sanjay Gandhi during the Emergency is not allowed to ever come up again in any form or shape or under any guise.(Shah Commission Enqiry)In the emergent days of India, if we trace the tale of corruption, it is a little strange, especially in the case of Jawaharlal Nehru. Even though Nehru shielded many a hardly a(prenominal) corrupt colleagues of his, it is interesting to note that he never benefited personally from any of their ve ntures. He did not crave material possessions and was a dedicated public servant. Despite that the part he played in highly in sight instances of corruption and his support to the guilty set a very no-good example and some might even go as far as to say that his actions legitimized corruption at the highest levels, thereby undermining all his principles, essentially jeopardizing the integrity of law. (Noorani 67) In the early days of nation building and setting standards and political morals for years to come, some say that Nehru was to blame for not making an example out of the people responsible. Maybe if not for these few lapses in judgment, maybe if a firm example had been set, India might not have to pay such a heavy price at the hands of corrupt leaders who go unpunished.It wasnt just the conduct of politicians, but also the policies that they adopted which are to blame to a accredited extent. India remained a heavily controlled and pen upd off economy since independence u p to the be freshd nineteen eighties. During that time a license Raj was in place which heavily regulated any private companies that wanted to be established. There was a lot of red tape when it came to procedures for setting up the smallest and simplest of business, and in regularize to avoid all the red tape and the heavy regulations people openly indulged in bribery which became a norm to get things done sudden in the Indian society. Even aft(prenominal) the economy was liberalized the complaisant norms of get work done in the public sphere never changed.This sickening bond between the politicians and the bureaucrats has come to light time and time again in recent years in the form of scams and scandals such as the fodder scam in which the Chief minister and several illustrious public servants including members of the opposition were involved,the telecom scam involving the telecom minister of the time etc. All such instances set a very negative mindset in all those aspiri ng to be politicians there by ruining the man power to come. Sadly, these are the scandals that saw the light of day, interminable others of varying magnitudes have been carpeted and will continue if decisive and fair to middling handbills arent taken. Let us examine some of the more recent cases that punctuate the corruption of society indoors India over a large sample of fields. In telecommunication, there is no scandal bigger than the 2008 2G Spectrum scam that follow the Indian government over US$ 40 billion. Termed the mother of all scams by BJB Spokes person Ravi Shankar Parsad, at the center of the 2G Spectrum fraud is Indias Telecom Minister, Mr. A. rajah who has been charged with selling off 2G cell phone technology licenses at knocked down prices which were originally set in the year 2001, contempt the fact that cell phone users had shot up from 4 million to 350 million between 2001 and 2008. Mr. Raja has further been charged with disregarding the for auctions and a warding licenses without even inviting bids, on a first come first served basis. pull aheadmore it is also regarded that Mr. Raja ignored advice from the Law and Finance Ministries of the country and also refused to adjust the recommendations from TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) on the rates to set for the auctioning of the spectrum rights. Mr. Raja resigned amidst considerable political pressure from the opposition shortly after this scandal came to light. As of now, the arbitrary Court of India is monitoring the rally Bank of Indias investigation into the matter. currently after the 2G Spectrum scandal, India was hit by another blow of epic proportions, in January of 2009, Chairman of Satyam Computer Services, Ramalinga Raju resigned from his post after notifying the Board of Directors of the company, through a letter that he has falsified the accounts of the company in say to cover up losses that the company was facing. According to Mr. Rajus letter, about US$ 1 trillion (94% of the companys cash on the books) was made up. The Satyam scandal, as it is now commonly know as is biggest ever corporate fraud in the history of the country. The manifestation of the Satyam scandal led to Marrill Lynch (Now part of the Bank of America) and State enkindle Insurance to withdraw partnerships with the company, caused the Bombay Stock Exchange to plummet 7% and has brocaded concerns for foreign investors looking to invest in India. (Vaswani) The Crime Investigation discussion section has been investigating the matter and in spite of Mr. Rajus claims that no money was used for his personal interests, the CID has represent that the company employed 40,000 people, not 53,000 as had been claimed by Mr. Raju who had been withdrawing over INR 20 crore for those 13,000 employees.Moving onto sport now, we shall look at the domain Games in India who were hit by spate after spate of corruption scandals from ill-timed contracts being handed out, to un chec ked budget allocations, to substandard building materials. The 2010 Commonwealth Games were meant to showcase the countrys competence and coming of age but rapidly dour into an embarrassing example of the corruption and inefficiency that is part of everyday life in the realisms largest democracy. As it has been reported the overall expenditure of the games came to a staggering US$ 15.5 billion compared to $1.1 Billion used up for the games in Melbourne in 2006. With such a steep increase in expenditure, one has to wonder where it all went. Allegedly, it is estimated that the expenditure bills have been inflated by 30% of the actual rank of services or commodities procured. Even the Income Tax department is now scrutinizing the finances of the CWG after charges of tax evasion were levied against the CWGs broadcasters. The Central Vigilance Commission is looking into 11 major project tenders which were awarded at hiked rates causing a loss of over US$ 111 million. (Dolakia) The de veloper of the al-Qaida for the CMGs, Emaar-MGF has also been pulled into the mix with so-called irregularities in the construction of the CGW Village in Delhi. To add to all that, the Central Beaureu of Investigation has also been regularly questioning suspected villain in the story, Suresh Kalmadi The Chief of the CWGs organizing committee. The CBI has also been regularly raiding the offices of the organizing committee, nominating Mr. VK Verma in the FIR report for buying and hiring overpriced equipment. Another major fallout from the games was the Queens baton Relay financial irregularities case, where again, large sums had been paid to a little cognize British firm for providing rental cars etc during the launch of the Queens Relay he-goat in London.Sticking with sports, let us now move onto a corruption scandal that recently shook India and its favorite sport, cricket. The IPL mess all started brook in March when the bidding for new immunitys in the IPL started. assign ation group won the Kochi franchise for $333.33 million. Shashi Tahoor, an MP from Kerala played a mentoring role is give tongue to bid. It was then alleged that the Rendezvous groups bid had been accepted patronage better offer on the table. As the structure of ownership of the Kochi franchise started to come to light under continuous scrutiny, it was revealed that one of the shareholders was a close associate of Mr. Tahoor. Further down the line the CEO of the Kochi franchise claimed that he was offered $50 million by Lalit Modi, chief of the IPL to pack up his franchise. (Willamson) Further scrutiny was then spread over the entire IPL to identify the grow of the IPLs funding, which revealed that Mr. Modis brother-in-law owned a large part of Rajasthan Royals his stairson-in-law owned the company that has the IPLs media rights. airmanship Winister Patels daughter even worked for the IPL. The revelations kept on coming one after the other, while Mr. Tahoor resigned as a Minister for State of External personal business under growing pressure. Eventually, everything culminated with the suspension of Mr. Modi, but it was to be too late as the Board for Control of Cricket in India had already been disgraced badly by the saga.In the earlier part of the decade foregone by, India faced, what at that time was one of the largest invent scandals to hit nation. In late 2001, Abdul Karim Telgi was arrested in Ajmer in connection to a scam involving the printing of counterfeit stamp paper and selling it off to bulk purchasers, such as banks, insurance companies and share-broking firms. Despite being in prison it is alleged the Mr. Telgi chill out managed to continue his buisiness with the help of prison officials andguards. In 2003, Senior Inspector Dattatrya cajan pea was arrested, along with Assistant Inspector Dilip Kamat in connection to aiding Mr. Telgi in lead his business from prison. An increasing number of high profile arrests continued to be made through the course of the case, such as Krishna Yadav, the former labor minister and sitting MLA. In 2006 a videotape emerged, showing Mr Telgi winning a Narco Analysis (Truth Serum) test and confessing the names of Congress Party leadersSharad Pawar and Chaggan Bhujbal in coincidence to his frauds, though neither of the two have been plant guilty of any association with Mr. Telgi. At the peak of his fraudulent scandal, Mr. / Tegli is believed to have been earning up to a whopping US$ 40 Million per month. (Telgi scam) The overall hit of the scam is estimated to be as high as $4.5Billion, though some sources conflict on the amount.Taking a trip down memory lane, well take a look at Indias first large scale global corruption scandal the Bofors scandal, the scale of which, at that point was Indias worst ever. The scandal takes off from when India agreed to purchase four hundred 155mm Howitzers from Sweedish arms manufacturer, Borfor AB. The then Indian PM, Rajiv Gandhi, along with others was accused of receiving kickbacks in order to award the contract to Borfors. The outcry from the scandal was immense and it is widely accepted that the scandal led to Rajiv Gandhis Indian National Congress party at long last losing out the in 1989 elections. The Bofors scandal is speculated to have been outlay about US$ 9 million, which, considering inflation over the last 30 years was no tiny amount. (Prasad) Ranjiv Gandhi was assassinated in 1991 and eventually, in 2004 courts cleared him on charges of bribery but the case is still ongoing in regards to other charges such as causing wrongful loss to the brass.If one wants a immaculate example of a sustained scandal that has seen involvement from bureaucrats, politicians and business men, linking hundreds of croak officials for over two decades, costing the Nation approximately US$ 206 million, it would be none other than the Fodder Scam. The scam is thought to have been around since the mid 70s with then Chief Minister of B ihar, Jagannath Maishar the first CM to be alleged of involvement in the fodder scam. The scam is state to have original with small scale embezzlement, with government employees submitting false expense reports to get additional funds. This small scale swindle eventually mutated and evolved over twodecades into a scandal that involved almost ever senior official in Bihar and countless businessmen. A scandal that has seen the CM of Bihar during the mid 90s when the report broke, Lalu Parsad Yadhav sent to prison multiplex times and charged with multiple cases involving embezzlement of government funds. By the time it was exposed, the fodder scam was an manifold scandal run by a mafia consisting of fall out government officials, bureaucrats, businessmen, even the lower government officials were involved in the scandal that had the country fooled for so long. Funding was demanded from the Government for cattle that never existed and once provided it was pocketed by the mafia of poli ticians and businessmen, an association that insured the scam could continue undetected for so long, eating up about US$206 million worth of Government funds.(Patna)Staying with political corruption, lets now glance over to a less glamorous, insofar equally damning scandal in the 90s that led to US$ 18 million worth of bribery. Arrests of linked militants in Kashmir led to raids against hawala brokers, the Jain brothers which led to the ghastly discovery of evidence of money linked to the Kashmiri militants transferred to top politicians.(Haqque) Known as the Hawala Scam, the most damning feature of this scandal is that despite the huge stake involved in the scandal, it was never sufficiently investigated, despite big names sush as L. K. Advani, V. C. Shukla, P. Shiv Shankar, Sharad Yadav, Balram Jakhar, and Madan Lal Khurana being accused in relation to the scam. Most of the fore mentioned were acquitted to the courts, they deemed the hawala brokers journals to be insufficient evi dence. Indias CBI was vastly criticized for its despicable investigation of the cases.(Asia Corruption Ranking)This map shows that despite the fact that there is rampant(ip) corruption all over India, it is still comparatively not one of the worst countries in the region with regard to corruption.Corruption is a malady that ails many nations, in Indias case the price that it pays in terms of breeding and even in sheer monetary terms is crippling. A nation that prides itself as the largest democracy of the world and a country where the majority of the population is below the poverty line, and has a very low standard of biography cannot afford to have corruption at such a huge scale. Transparency international estimated that truck drivers end up paying billions of dollars worth of bribes annually. With a population of 1.17 billion people, and a Gross domestic production of 4.05 trillion, India can be one of the most rapidly developing nations of the world and the standard of livi ng would improve drastically provided that corruption is brought down.(Factbook)(Nature of Bribe)Of course there will have to be measures in place that will ensure that the money of the people is spent on uplifting their general standard of living. The World Bank and the IMF have reduced spending in certain sectors in India because they recently discovered the level of corruption that takes place. Scandals at a large scale and executed by ministers really damage the composition of a nation and its question not only credibility but also the aptness of the system which seems to fails time and time again, for it is the failure of the system that so many corrupt individuals reach the top levels of the government.(Perception of corruption)Transparency Internationals measure of corruption, the Corruption Perception Index (CPI), ranks India as a highly corrupt country, this measure basically indicates how corrupt a country is from a scale from one to ten, one being the most and ten being the least. Somalia made it to the top of the list as th most corrupt country with the measure of 1.1 followed closely by Afghanistan (1.4) and finally down the list is India with a 3.3, followed by Brazil which has a 3.7 and so on. Despite these disturbing findings that blow out of the water many international investors and observers, the Indian population remains largely nonmaterial to this embarrassing find.(Amount of Bribe)After an exhaustive study of the causes and roots of corruption in the country, one essential then look at preventive steps and amends that must be made in the anti-corruption system that would sanction it and allow for a brighter future to pervade through. In this vein, the works of professor Krishna K. Tummala and Sunil Sondhi serve as seminal instances of the what, the how and the why of Corruption and ways to set upon it.Professor Tummala correctly identifies the overall political and socio-economic conditions of the country to be contributive to the spread and perpetuation of corruption (Tummala 26). As noted by respective(a) scholars of public policy and management, less developed countries are prone to corruption by virtue of the income and economic disparities that plague their populace, the inequality of opportunities, fast-changing life styles and inefficiency of the state when it comes to providing basic public amenities such as energy resources, infrastructure and security. Couple that with the fast pace at which the world is changing and the clamber to embrace juvenileity and one has the perfect recipe for disaster In such a context, efforts to curb corruption and use of illegal durability and authority are indeed difficult to implement and promulgate, however with a few adjustments, such policy changes might just allow for a concrete step towards progress after all.Corruption stems for two basic reasons, contends Tummala, need and greed and posits that corruption in the civil and public service sectors might be co ntained to some extent by an increase in salaries across the board. One such recommendation was seen to be made in March 2008 by the Sixth Pay Commission which favored a bump in incomes in the lower rungs of the civil service so as to alleviate corruption bottom-up. However, even in countries where the civil service is paid hefty incomes, corruption still exists at all levels which leads one to understand that greed is not of kind, but of size and that unless such acts are publicly denounced and proclaimed at absolutely intolerable that a difference, if any at all, is to come about. What one notices in India is this complacency at all levels, be it the political leadership or civil society, a high ended business man or a common man on the street. As the Santhanam committee rightly observes, a favorable social climate must be created wherein the likes of corruption and illegal activities are strongly condemned and protested against.Following from the same line of argument, there exi sts a strong dualism within the Hindu society, where on the one hand the a holier than thou attitude exists and the great epic tales from the Vedas and narrations of honesty, generosity and piety of legendry kings such as Vikramaditya that are told to children even today, on the other we have an inclination towards a most immoral, debase lifestyle which is fed by the desire to compete with the proponents of the liberal, modern lifestyle which took hold post the economic liberalization in 1990. The grandiosity of anti-corruption that is heard once in a blue moon now and then stands as measly Lilliputtian when compared to the giant Gulliver of the modern, liberal, commodity-dependant lifestyle which can only be maintained in the long run by resorting to corrupt practices in a country like India. What needs to be understand then is the need for a cognitive reframing and reconceptualization. We need to reinvoke the principles of simplicity and otherworldliness into our daily affairs and lifestyles to change the very way a gay block of the community functions, thereby effectuating change bottom-up.However, what needs to be reiterated at this point is that a simple bottom-up and grass-roots level approach is not the complete answer to the plague that is corruption in the country. A simultaneous top-down approach is necessary to ensure the effectiveness and perpetuation of the corruption-alleviation scheme. herein the role of the three branches of the State comes into play. The Indian system of governance is parliamentary one with the doctrine of separation of powers firmly in place as per the musical composition. The Parliament being the Legislative, the Prime Minister being the Executive and the commanding Court, holding Judicial authority.Whereas India has with the passage of time strengthened its Judiciary with the Supreme Court taking landmark decisions and the inclusion of amendments 73 and 74 to the Constitution that allow for the empowerment of the mas ses, there is still is a long way to be covered for the Judiciary to effectively play its part in alleviating and eradicating corruption. As both Sondhi and Tummala have noted, the Judicial processes of India allow for unnecessary delays in suits against corruption, red-tapism and the existence of unnecessary hierarchies both within the judicial as well as accountability/transparency systems allow for cases to get stuck in the back log or never effectively tackled. Moreover laws that have been made to tackle or eradicate corruption from its very roots are either mostly ignored or followed only in certain instances and on the whole the entire spirit of the law is often found to be lost. In fact, paradoxically, certain laws are found to be in complete contravention to the benefits they aim to provide the masses. Tummala correctly notesmixed rights guaranteed to the civil servants in the name of assuring their neutrality and accord protection from worrying have been found to come in t he way of bringing the fallible to book. As noted, Article 311 of the Constitution of India (requiring permission of the appointing authority to prosecute) proved to be a major hurdle. (Tummala 72)Even in the case where the corrupt are brought to the courts, the process of providing justice is extremely slow and long-ended as has been observed earlier. the right way identifying this, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has noted the need for special courts to be explicate and special institutions to be erected for this very purpose. A review of the judicial process is therefore extremely necessary to come to an effective solution to this problem. appellate jurisdiction must be provided to special courts for such cases which can then relieve the burden of the pre-existant courts and allow for revisions and appeals to be dealt with effectively and efficiently. The help of partnering institutions must be invoked to ensure the smooth flow of information and evidence when it comes to these cases. In this vein, the help of watch-dog organizations, both national and international, may be sought.Coming succeeding(prenominal) to the problem of implementation which essentially stems from the Executive and its subservient bodies wherein we see a lack of role models who set examples for the general populace. In fact in the very tenure of Indira Gandhi, as Sondhi rightly notes, the practices of corruption within various body functionaries of the state were seen to exist in the form of policies that encourage excess and allow for lacunas within the system of law and governance. The case of Bihar also serves as an apt example, where despite the existence of a number of anti-corruption measures, the implementation of the said measures amounted to zilch. Similarly the case of Tamilnadu where the Chief Minister herself was found to be involved in various cases of corruption serve as an apt example of what is wrong with the current state of affairs and simultaneously point out wha t needs to change. The political leadership itself needs to be kept in check and in this regards administrative accountability and transparency needs to be encouraged and implemented. As Sondhi notes, such measures,